Many years ago I used this.
Hilti Online - EM10 Threaded stud for steel - 12 mm washer (metric)
The trick was to drill your rubber and use a a couple of nuts and washer to hold them in place.
When I was young and raced karts we had permission to race on Ramsey lake in down town Sudbury durring the winter carnival ( back in the era of when it was cool to do things and insurance was not an issue ).
Hilti studs were cheap and the proceedure was to drill and tack weld the threads.
Some people used teck screws with a nut on the out side to hold them
Some people used regular 10 or 12 machine screws.
Trouble with the cheap stuff is the steel is soft, but a fix for that was to heat them cherry red and drop them in some Sugar ( poor man's surface hardener ) and quench.
In any event they Hilti sytff was the hardest and lasted longest.
The screws were the most likely to fly off the tyres.
God help you if you fell off and got run over.
I never seen it happen but logicaly if you got under a tyre with these things in them your likely to come out like a block of Swiss Cheese