G, that is an interesting question. Digging in the SAE journals, its not there. There does not seem to be an industry consortium on small engine bolt pattern standards.
Emissions and testing are well-covered topics through the EPA. OPEI gets on the safety aspects, as does OSHA. There are standards for testing the ignition strength, torque, and fuel capability, especially for generators. Riding mower, handheld, and walk behind categories all have multiple standards.
You are likely correct: Briggs created a bolt pattern, and it was copied. That 4-bolt pattern on the PTO, thread diameter and pitch, shaft diameter and length, keyway size, and fine thread in the crankshaft originated somewhere. All were copied.
The originating information is not on the Briggs site, either, just the specs.
Jon